Abstract:
У статті здійснено аналіз наукових поглядів щодо проблем запобігання та розслідування
протиправних дій, пов’язаних із обманом (шахрайством), висвітлено нормативно-правові акти, в яких
подано обман як спосіб вчинення кримінального правопорушення. Наведено випадки, коли
законодавець, моделюючи схожі прояви суспільно небезпечної поведінки певних суб’єктів, під час
конструювання правової норми в одних випадках використовує термін «обман» (ст. ст. 142–144, 149,
157, 161, 173, 192, 303, 409 КК України), а в інших – термін «шахрайство» (ст. ст. 190, 222, 262, 308,
312, 313, 320, 357, 410 КК України).
Description:
The article emphasizes
that the problems of prevention and investigation of illegal actions related to deception (fraud) at different
times attracted the attention of scientists from different fields of knowledge. In addition, the legislator
directly provided for deception as a method of committing a crime in a number of articles of the Special
Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.
It is emphasized that, despite the determination of the term «deceit» by the Plenum of the
Supreme Court of Ukraine, there is still no consensus in the unity of views regarding the etymological
and substantive content of deception. In addition, both the term «deceit» and the term «fraud», which is
based on deception, appear numerous times in the Criminal Code. At the same time, illegal actions
committed by fraud are mentioned not only in Chapter VI «Criminal offenses against property», but are
also covered by other clauses. The question of why the legislator, simulating similar manifestations of
socially dangerous behavior of certain subjects, when constructing a legal norm, in some cases uses the
term «deceit» and in others – the term «fraud» is investigated.
It is noted that actions aimed at fraudulently acquiring property (property rights), other material
objects or services from a person should be considered as committed by fraud. Emphasis is placed on the
need to unify some phrases that are based on deception, which is synonymous with the term «fraud». At
the same time, compositions that do not deal with fraudulent theft, seizure of property (property rights),
material objects or services cannot be committed by fraud and do not require changes to the current
version. We are talking about warehouses where deception is used to prevent the exercise of the right to
vote, to violate the equality of citizens, to avoid military service, etc.
