Право на судовий захист в Україні та європейських державах: теоретико-правові аспекти вдосконалення ст. 55 Конституції України

Abstract

У статті досліджено конституційну практику нормативного регулювання права на судовий захист, закріпленого у ст. 55 Конституції України та в аналогічних нормах конституцій європейських держав. Обґрунтовано необхідність викладення зазначеної норми відповідно до вимог міжнародних документів із прав людини. The article examines the constitutional practice of regulatory regulation of the right to judicial protection, enshrined in Art. 55 of the Constitution of Ukraine and in similar norms of the constitutions of European states. There is a well-founded need to set out the specified norm in accordance with international standards in the field of regulation of the right to judicial protection. It is noted that the right to legal protection enshrined in Art. 55 of the Constitution of Ukraine, is an inalienable human right to which considerable attention is paid not only by scientists, but also by practical workers. In addition, this right is also reflected in Part 3 of Art. 8 of the Constitution of Ukraine, according to which appeal to the court for the protection of constitutional rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen is guaranteed directly on the basis of the Constitution of Ukraine. It is emphasized that the right to judicial protection is an internationally recognized human right, which is enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 8), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Article 2), as well as in the constitutions of Azerbaijan, Albania, and Andorra. , Bulgaria, Armenia, Greece, Georgia, Estonia, Spain, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, North Macedonia, Moldova, the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Hungary, Croatia, Finland, the Czech Republic, Montenegro. And the constitutions of Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark, Norway, France, Switzerland and Sweden do not provide for this right. It was found that in the constitutions of European states there is no uniform approach to the subjects of the right to protection. At the same time, attention was drawn to the fact that in most constitutions of European states, any subjects of this right are not enshrined at all. It was noted that in addition to judicial protection, the Constitution of Ukraine also provides for the right of everyone in the event of a violation of their rights and freedoms to apply for the protection of their rights and freedoms to extrajudicial entities that are authorized to protect the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen. It is emphasized that, in addition to Ukraine, the institution of constitutional complaint is typical for Austria, Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Georgia, Spain, North Macedonia, Germany, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Montenegro and Switzerland. It has been found that the provision on the protection of the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen by means not prohibited by law has been enshrined in the constitutions of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Latvia, Moldova, Portugal and the Czech Republic. It is proposed in order to eliminate contradictions between the provisions of international legal acts and national legislation, as well as taking into account foreign experience regarding the constitutional regulation of the right to work, the provisions of Art. 55 of the Constitution of Ukraine to be laid out in accordance with the requirements of international documents on human rights.