Поняття інтересу в кримінальному праві Україні: постановка проблеми

Abstract

Уперше в науці кримінального права поряд із правами та свободами людини і громадянина, як об’єктами кримінально-правової охорони виділено інтерес – як поки що не дослідженне поняття. Зазначено про відсутність уваги вчених-криміналістів до проблеми кримінальної відповідальності за злочини, ознакою складів яких є інтерес. Констатовано, що поняття інтересу, його правова природа та відмінність від прав та свобод людини і громадянина у кримінальному праві не визначено, що може мати негативний вплив і на правозастосовному рівні.

For the first time in the science of criminal law, along with the rights and freedoms of the man and the citizen, as objects of criminal legal protection, the interest has been highlighted - the concept has not yet been investigated. It has been noted about the lack of attention of criminologists to the problem of criminal liability for crimes, the sign of which is an interest. It has been stated that the concept of interest, its legal nature and the distinction between human and civil rights and freedoms in criminal law are not defined, which may have a negative impact on the law enforcement level. The author has proved that the Constitution of Ukraine in Section II provides for more than thirty five rights and freedoms of the man and the citizen, while duties are slightly more than four. Such a disproportion between rights and duties of a person and the citizen in no way contributes to the protection of their security, since the absolute majority of ordinary citizens of Ukraine know not all of their rights, but their duties are either ignored or they do not really know them. It has been established that the concept of "interest" is used by the Constitution of Ukraine 19 times, public interest is much more prevalent than the private one. This is due to the fact that along with rights, freedoms, responsibilities of a person, society of the state and humanity is a category of interest. The legislator 90 times in the Criminal Code of Ukraine (as of November 2018) uses the term "interest" in the absence of any systematic use of the notion of interest in the current Criminal Code of Ukraine, which causes a whole range of both theoretical and practical problems of criminal liability for crimes, a sign of their corpus delicti is an interest. The above statement confirms the absence of comprehensive criminal-legal investigations of criminal liability issues for crimes, the feature of which is interest, which indicates the relevance of the topic and necessitates a comprehensive research.